Johnson Johnson Global Business Environment Free Essays

string(31) medications to support and provide. Johnson: Successfully Strategizing for the Changing Global Business Environment I. Presentation Johnson is the world’s biggest human services organization. Established in the United States in 1886, the organization has been beneficial for 75 straight years and at present works 250 auxiliary organizations in 57 nations. We will compose a custom paper test on Johnson Global Business Environment or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Its items fall into three sections: pharmaceuticals, with 39% of absolute deals; clinical gadgets and diagnostics, with 36%; and buyer items, with 25%. Moreover, the organization utilizes 119,200 individuals worldwide and sells its items in 175 nations. A genuinely worldwide partnership, Johnson has safely situated itself to conquer the difficulties its ever-changing business condition presents, just as make the most of the open doors introduced. With an emphasis fundamentally on Johnson Johnson’s pharmaceutical portion, this paper tries to investigate the complex worldwide condition inside which the organization works just as the chances and dangers that nature presents. Next, the paper will investigate Johnson Johnson’s current situating, depicting its worth chain and serious situating. The paper will close by assessing how Johnson both can take advantage of these lucky breaks to understand the objectives of the organization. II. Breaking down the Environment In ventures as serious as pharmaceutical, clinical gadgets and customer merchandise, dissecting the earth is crucial for having the option to settle on sound key choices. Since Johnson endeavors to foresee the outside components that influence its global business condition, just as adjust to those changes, it is significant that it comprehends the earth where it is working. The two arrangements of outside powers that face the organization are serious and logical. A. Serious Environments †Five Forces Model Michael Porter’s five powers model gives a method of investigating Johnson Johnson’s serious condition. Because of an absence of accessible data about the bartering intensity of providers as it applies to Johnson, this paper will address the four different powers: the danger of new participants, the danger of substitutes, the dealing intensity of clients, and the contention among industry contenders. 1. The Threat of New Entrants †High Barriers to Entry The danger of new contestants isn't of specific worry to Johnson. Hindrances to passage, particularly in the ventures of pharmaceuticals and clinical gadgets, are very high if not top notch. The world’s top pharmaceutical organizations have broad assembling abilities, conveyance frameworks, and economies of scale that have been developed over decades and would be for all intents and purposes outlandish for another contestant to duplicate. These top firms likewise have licenses that secure their ebb and flow items, just as set up look into pipelines that guarantee the nonstop advancement of new items. Additionally, they have solid brand names and enormous promoting financial plans with which to safeguard them. At long last, the outstandingly high capital necessities for establishing a pharmaceutical organization and the sharp counter that new participants could anticipate from the set up contenders render the danger of new contestants extremely low. The clinical gadget industry has likewise high boundaries to passage. While entering the customer merchandise advertise is simpler, moderately, the tremendous number of contenders makes this industry exceptionally serious, therefore a solid brand name is crucial for sticking out. As the world’s most regarded organization as indicated by Barron Magazine, new contestants to the buyer products advertise don't represent a danger to Johnson. 2. The Threat of Substitutes †The Rise of Generics The danger of substitutes is considerably more risky than that of new contestants, particularly in the pharmaceutical portion. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) necessitates that nonexclusive medications be bioequivalent to their image name partners, making them genuine substitutes. When a patent terminates, conventional makers rush to figure out the in the past restrictive medications and sell nonexclusive variants at a small amount of the expense. Practically all the top pharmaceutical organizations, Johnson notwithstanding, face an inundation of up and coming patent terminations. The approaching loss of deals when conventional forms of the medications unavoidably become accessible is a genuine danger to the productivity of numerous players in the business. For instance, Risperdal, a medication for schizophrenia made by an auxiliary of Johnson Johnson’s called Janssen-Cilag, was a critical wellspring of benefits, with deals that totaled $3. 5 billion of every 2005 and flooded 21% percent in the main quarter of 2006, to $1. 2 billion. Be that as it may, when the patent for Risperdal lapsed in December of 2007 and opened up in nonexclusive structure in October of 2008, the company’s income from pharmaceutical deals deteriorated. Actually, in July of 2007, Johnson declared designs to dispose of up to 4,800 occupations, refering to patent lapses as the primary inspiration to trim the workforce and in this manner set aside cash. On the off chance that the organization doesn't plan for the troublesome change between getting a charge out of market eliteness and losing that security as those licenses lapse, it will confront increasingly negative outcomes. 3. The Bargaining Power of Buyers †Influence of Generics In the pharmaceutical business, purchasers incorporate patients, clinical specialists who recommend drugs, drug specialists, emergency clinic sheets, insurance agencies, and other wellbeing specialists. The dealing intensity of patients goes connected at the hip with the danger of substitutes. At the point when medications are patent-ensured, pharmaceutical organizations appreciate a restraining infrastructure where they can set costs to incorporate high net revenues. Since there are not many to no substitutes for their items during this time, clients have minimal decision yet to follow through on these costs, particularly if their lives rely upon the medications. Be that as it may, when less expensive, nonexclusive adaptations of the medications become accessible, purchasers acquire power. Patients’ exchanging costs, a significant component in deciding the haggling intensity of purchasers, are genuinely low, and value delicate purchasers will probably change to nonexclusive forms once accessible. Johnson Johnson’s fundamental device in fighting this issue is its solid image name. Numerous clients have more trust in brand name items and are eager to pay extra for this apparent security. Different gatherings inside purchasers of pharmaceutical items, while divided, have more force than patients. Inside the American human services framework, insurance agencies and wellbeing support organizations (HMOs) have impressive haggling power, as they choose which medications to underwrite and give. You read Johnson Global Business Environment in classification Paper models Since they have an enthusiasm for bringing down costs, they apply a solid descending weight on sedate costs, mostly because of the danger of the accessibility of generics. European governments’ national social insurance frameworks have a correspondingly significant level of intensity, if not higher because of exacting value controls. In this way, pharmaceutical organizations have a need to build up fruitful associations with these gatherings and market towards them vigorously. 4. The Degree of Rivalry †Fierce and Changing Competition in the pharmaceutical business is serious and developing in power. While the various contenders remain genuinely divided, mergers and acquisitions have expanded contention, as the top firms’ specialized topics started to cover. Competition is particularly serious in immersed markets, for example, the torment reliever portion, in which Johnson contends with its items Tylenol and Motrin. In developing markets, advancement is a key driver of rivalry since pharmaceutical organizations rely upon â€Å"blockbuster† drugs for an enormous extent of their income. With just one out of each 10,000 found medications affirmed to be sold, a lot is on the line to discover the money dairy animals sedates that recover the inexorably significant expenses of advancement. Since â€Å"me too† drugs are not as beneficial, development drives the race to be first-to-advertise. While the fundamental rivals in the pharmaceutical business are packed in the United States, Europe, and Japan, an expanding number of players †particularly conventional medication producers †are showing up in creating nations, for example, China and India. These organizations are driving the move in the business toward turning out to be more commoditized. Likewise, various biotech upstarts, which are littler, increasingly coordinated, and have lower overhead expenses than their aggregate rivals, are developing in force and taking piece of the pie. As the elements of the business change, the set up organizations will wind up confronting firm rivalry from all sides. B. Logical Environment †PEST Analysis A PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) investigation is a valuable device for understanding the bigger condition inside which the organization works. Organizations can utilize this instrument to recognize a large number of significant parts of their surroundings that may affect their organizations. . World of politics †Changing Politics and Policies First, the legislative issues on nearby, territorial, national, or universal scales can apply solid powers on organizations. Since Johnson works around the world, it must monitor the political advancements that may influence its business. For instance, in the Czech Republic, social insurance is the subject of a significant political discussion. Changes in the medicinal services framework may influence to whom Johnson needs to advertise, and with whom it needs to arrange if the organization needs its items secured by the Czech social insurance framework. Likewise, Johnson ought to know that the C

Prepare an income statement for a small business Essay - 1

Set up a salary proclamation for an independent venture - Essay Example In many occasions, showcasing is additionally utilized by advertisers as a way to deal with hold more clients. Along these lines, the achievement of a private company essentially depends on the advertising strategy. Promoting additionally supports the deals of a business since, more individuals will know about the item being sold. This likewise manufactures a solid notoriety of the organization. Private companies additionally depend on showcasing research on the grounds that; by and large, the independent companies are found in testing circumstances. Organizations should lead satisfactory research to guarantee a vital promoting method. In showcasing, client portions ought to be quantifiable. This implies they ought to be sufficiently huge to comprise a market. The advertiser for the most part faces a test while deciding how to fragment a market. This is on the grounds that advertising division empowers a business to grow successfully. Then again, on the off chance that the advertiser is fruitless in the showcasing division, at that point, the business can bring about collosal misfortunes (Longenecker, Moore, and Petty, 2002). Market division is a method of calibrating the objective market. An unsegmented procedure is a methodology which distinguishes the all out market as the objective market. This system is otherwise called mass advertising. Now and again, this technique can be gainful to an organization. Nonetheless, it accept that all customers share comparative profit by the items and administrations of the organization. A multisegment procedure is characterized as a technique which perceives various inclinations of individual market fragments and builds up an extraordinary advertising blend for each. Ultimately, there is the single-fragment procedure which ordinarily includes the utilization of a solitary promoting blend for one market section (Longenecker, Petty, Palich, and Hoy, 2012). For instance, a pen store in the neighborhood the unsegmented technique since; the pen is advanced by means of a solitary medium and a wide appropriation plan. This shows just the individuals who

Why the First Year of Smoking Cessation Is So Important

Why the First Year of Smoking Cessation Is So Important Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit Print Why the First Year of Smoking Cessation Is So Important By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Updated on April 09, 2019 wpohldesign/digital vision vectors/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery As much as wed all like to quit smoking and be free of nicotine addiction within a few weeks, it just doesnt work that way. It is possible to change the relationship we had with cigarettes and know that well never smoke again soon after quitting, but we still have to do the work of breaking down the years of habit weve built up around nicotine addiction. The only way out is through. Most of us spent decades smoking and have developed hundreds (if not thousands) of links between tobacco and everything in our lives, from the smallest to the biggest. We sure feel it early on in cessation too, when every thought and action reminds us of smoking. We wonder if well ever truly be free of tobacco because it feels like that pull to feed the addiction will never go away. Take heart. The ties that bind us can absolutely be broken...permanently. It takes some time, but not all that much when you think about how many years most of us spent smoking. A Year of Firsts I always tell folks to devote the entire first year to healing from nicotine addiction. All of it. Does that mean youll be miserable for a whole year? No, but it does mean that it takes that long to move through the majority of activities and events in our daily lives that trigger thoughts of smoking. Some smoking triggers will let go easily and some will be tenacious, but can  all  be reprogrammed with time and practice.   So, what are we talking about when we refer to firsts? Just about everything. There is the first long drive or plane ride without smoking. The first smoke-free vacation. The first presentation, meeting or performance without smoking. The first argument managed without a cigarette, and the first smoke-free day of yard work without smoke breaks. From daily living to seasonal events, we have to go through those firsts to get through them. The Seasons of the First Smoke-Free Year Maneuvering through year one also involves dealing with triggers that are related to specific seasons and the events (and emotions) that are tied to them. Think Thanksgiving or the annual office holiday party. Triggers can surprise us when we participate in hobbies or activities that are seasonal too, like gardening or skiing. Even doing the annual taxes can be thought of as seasonal and produce triggers to smoke. I was 8 months into cessation when I experienced a seasonal craving. It was my first smoke-free summer and while painting a room for the first time since quitting, I was surprised to find that all I could think about was lighting up every time I took a break. It was uncomfortable, in part because it had been months since Id had a craving to smoke, but also because the urge to smoke was strong. It scared me a little - I felt blindsided. Once I got through that first day of painting smoke-free though, that particular trigger was cleared and never returned. And that is how it works: we have to practice smoke-free life in order to change those ingrained associations. We cant rewire the circuitry until the trigger presents itself. Once it does and we deal with it, the trigger either melts away or weakens, depending on the strength of the particular emotion/association. Going Through it to Get Through it Once we make our way through the first calendar year of smoking cessation, 99 percent of the associations weve built up over the years will have been faced down and restructured into healthier coping mechanisms. There may be a trigger or two that still rears its head every once in a while or the very occasional trigger that comes at some point for all of us when we suffer a loss or other life-changing event. For the most part, though, a year is enough to retrain the links to tobacco we spent so much time setting in place. Well have developed the mental muscle to cope with the rare ones we havent yet experienced as well.? Not a bad deal, when you think about it. With a healthy mindset and the willingness to heal the habits that are associated with smoking, a year is about all thats needed to set a foundation that will comfortably support you for the rest of your smoke-free life. Spend some time reading the one-year smoke-free milestone accounts here. Youll quickly see that the majority of them have a common theme of gratitude for the freedom from addiction they now enjoy.  While many will tell you its hard work, none of them ever say its not worth it.   Keep in mind that we reach that one year mark by living our smoke-free lives just one day at a time. If you are early in your quit program and looking that far ahead is too intimidating, dont do it. Just know that healing from nicotine addiction takes time. Relax into your quit and vow to take each smoke-free day as it comes. It will serve you well.

The Manipulation of the Roman Masses by the Roman...

â€Å"†¦Was this ambition? Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; and sure he is an honorable man. But were I Brutus, and Brutus Antony, there were an Antony would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue in every wound of Caesar that should move the stones of Rome to rise and mutiny†¦ †¦ Here was a Caesar! When comes such another,† addressed wise Marc Antony to the manipulated Roman citizens. (Foote and Perkins, 678 –683). During 509 BC to AD 27, Rome was a republic where its citizens elected leaders by voting for senators (people from upper class or patricians). On the other hand an emperor had total power or dictatorship since he controlled the Roman society (different groups of people from the wealthiest to the most poor). As the Roman society was†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦If we have done you wrong, as you say our husbands have, proscribe us as you do them. But if we women have not voted any of you public enemies, have not torn down your houses, destroyed your army, or led another one against you; if we have not hindered you in obtaining offices and honours, why do we share the penalty when we did not share the guilt? †¦Why should we pay taxes when we have no part in the honours, the commands, the statecraft, for which you contend against each other with such harmful results? †¦But for civil wars may we never contribute, nor ever assist you against each other! We did not contribute to Caesar or to Pompey. Neither Marius nor Cinna imposed taxes on us. Nor did Sulla, whereas you say that you are re-establishing the commonwealth,† protested Hortensia. (Frazee, 117). This uprising indicates how upper-class women revolted against some decisions made by the politicians, which they disagreed with. The women had penalties imposed on them and they also had to pay higher taxes when there was a struggle to seize power between the triumvirs. During this time, the generals of Rome could not be controlled by the Republic’s government, which ran by the Senate and the consuls. The women did not gain their rights and the triumvirs did not acknowledge the voices of these women. The triumvirs were outraged by the fact that women should dare to hold a public meeting when other menShow MoreRelatedThe Accounting Profession and Nat39077 Words   |  157 Pagesshareholders, creditors and other financial lenders) are the providers of these finances. Their inte rests and beliefs in the activities of the companies are required to make them invest. A recent share investments survey in Lagos and Abuja, involving 100 respondents covering investors and prospective investors (60 and 40 respondents respectively), revealed that 70 percent of the investors place heavy reliance on the integrity of a company s auditor before investing in that company. 80 percent of theRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesfor the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) 1865 843830, fax: ( 44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Lib rary Cataloguing in PublicationRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization theory: symbols, meanings and interpretations Reflexive organization theory: critical theory and psychoanalysis The evolution of management as reflected through the lens of modernist organization theory Perspectives and challenges 2 54 100 148 198 242 282 330 382 432 . . Contents Preface List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements xiii xvii xix xx Chapter 1 Introducing organization theory: what is it, and why does it matter? Introduction What is organization

The Theories Of Female Offenders - 965 Words

Theories of female offenders Most of the theories of crime was developed to explain male crimes by male criminologists. For decades, women offending challenges traditional theoretical explanations of crime, which were developed to explain male offenders. There were a few debates that indicate the concern of whether the theories were being used equally to explain both female and male crime. Criminologists came to a conclusion that the traditional theories are male-specific theories. For that particular reason, they argue that those theories are not suitable to explain female crimes. However, both the social process and traditional structure theories explain a gender neutrality in crime. They also give a better understanding for both male and female crime. The social process and traditional structure theory explained why female crime rates are rather lower than males. The social process theory tend to explain the traditional crime with regards to differential opportunity to lean criminal techniques and values. The use of the traditional theory shows evidence in which considered the overlap on the causes of crimes committed by both genders. Studies shows that both male and female offenders that came in contact with the criminal justice system often came from a social background that are typically of low socioeconomic status, poorly educated, under or unemployed, and minority groups (Steffensmeir and Allan, 1995). The only difference between male and female offenders is, femaleShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Crime Causation Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pages Theories of Crime Causation Dolores Jackson Williams Colorado Technical University Juvenile offender 1. Biological theory states that the individual will have certain traits will be transmitted from parent to children through genetics and not from social learning. 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Other examples include curfew violations, possession and consumption of alcohol, and possession and use of tobacco. Theories such as the labeling theory and Robert Agnewâ₠¬â„¢s General Strain Theory attempt to explain why females commit juvenile status offenses. Additional theories attempt to explain their treatment in the juvenile justice system such as the Chivalry Hypothesis. Based on the rising rates of status offenses for girls and the unique factorsRead MoreGender Roles : The Juvenile Justice System1244 Words   |  5 Pagesnow more so than ever, females crime rates have increased. In some instances within the juvenile justice system, it may appear that boys and girls are comparable; however there are differences, even though they are subtle. As opposed to their male counterpart, female offenders have dissimilar needs, mainly due to unequal victimization that includes physical and or sexual abuse as well as mental health complications (U.S. Department of Justice, 1998). 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Qualitative research establishes theories to help explain the phenomena while focusing on the experiences and opinions of all study subjects (Verhoef Casebeer, 1997). Qualitative research has a broad and more in-depth discussion (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Service s Ebling LibraryRead MoreCriminal Law And Its Effect On Society951 Words   |  4 Pagessocial behavior. The law breaking has potential punishment which its purpose is to keep orderly functioning society. Criminal laws only works if it is enforced some areas are stricter than others. The guarantee of punishment will stop offenders or first time offender from ever committing a crime again. I don’t believe the law is too restrictive; the law is design to work with society social norm. The law could be harsher in the area where is more heavily enforcing like the difference in Texas and

Diversity of the Family Free Essays

?Family Diversity Term Papers If there is any one constant concerning the diversity of family and family structure in the United States over the past one hundred years or so, it is change. Almost every familial characteristic one would choose to study – from the median age at the time of first marriage, to the number of children per household, to the rate of divorce – has either risen significantly, declined dramatically, or both. What is certain is that the study of family diversity, and the evolution of such diversity in the United States is intriguing. We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity of the Family or any similar topic only for you Order Now The very structure and character of the American family has evolved significantly from 1900 to 2000. From a strong patriarchical start at the turn of the century, the American family evolved into what is now referred to as a companionate marriage up until the 1960s, when individualism began winning out over traditional family values. The divorce rate first rose and later fell, but left in its wake a number of unmistakable trends. From 1970 to 1992 the number of single-family households in the United States increased from 13% to 32% . Cohabitation evolved from a fringe phenomenon reserved mostly for hippies to a mainstream trend, with the number of heterosexual couples cohabitating outside of marriage up ten-fold since 1960. The number of households with children, in the mean time, has declined to just over a quarter of all households, falling from a high of 45% in 1972 to 26% in 1999. The most common household composition in the United States today is an unmarried couple without children. More than anything else, the very diversity in the types of families and households has increased by what seems like an order of magnitude. In what follows, I examine and discuss the changes that have occurred in the diversity of family and familial structure in the United States over the past century. I begin with an examination of the evolution of family form. Next, I examine the diversity in family typology. I conclude with an examination of a variety of trends in family diversity. How to cite Diversity of the Family, Essays

Us Immigration 1880-1925 Essay Example

Us Immigration 1880-1925 Paper From the years 1880 to 1925, there was a rapid growth of immigrants coming into the United States. Many foreigners came to the United States in hope of striking it rich. The Immigrants saw the United States as a way to make a better life for themselves, and this started to cause problems. This is when the United States government took actions to control immigration. In the early 1880’s, immigration was gladly welcomed, but as time progressed, government saw it as a growing problem. After America’s Reconstruction era, immigrants from southern and eastern Europe began pouring into the United States in order to start a new life for themselves. The United States government welcomed these immigrants with open arms. Compared to their home country, the United States offered more freedoms to the immigrants. (Doc. A) When the immigrants would make a good sum of money, they would move back to their native country and take some American values with them. (Doc. B) These immigrants were known as â€Å"birds of passage†. Many American didn’t like this going on. Nativism grew throughout the 1890’s. American workers jobs were in jeopardy due to the amount of cheaper labor that businesses could get by hiring immigrants. (Doc A) These people were known to have xenophobia; a fright of people from other countries. In 1892, the National People’s Party claims that current immigration laws failed to protect American workers. (Doc. C) This was the beginning of attempts to get immigration limited. We will write a custom essay sample on Us Immigration 1880-1925 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Us Immigration 1880-1925 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Us Immigration 1880-1925 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Over time, the federal American government began taking more action in immigration policies. In 1882, the federal government established the Chinese Exclusion Act. The American and Japanese governments worked together to discourage the emigration of the Japanese laboring class. (Doc. D) The federal government also closed off the flow of immigrants from Europe with the Emergency Quota Act of 1921. (Doc. H) What this did was limit the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 3%. This was later limited by the Immigration Act of 1924 which limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890. Throughout the 1880 to 1925 period, immigration was seen as a great thing for America that eventually turned into a problem. The federal government gained more control over immigration policies as time passes by. At first, immigrants were welcomed to America with open arms. As problems with emigration began showing up, action had to take place. The federal government stood up to help protect the American people.

Freedoms and allowances here on earth essays

Freedoms and allowances here on earth essays As human beings we were made by our creator and given many freedoms and allowances here on earth. In chapter one of Kammers book he calls this an original blessing traceable to the creation stories which he calls our giftedness. This giftedness is not a privilege but a commission to stewardship. Stewardship in turn is our relationship with our fellow man or community. This is the beginning of a time honored and quintessential theme of the Bibles Old Testament. This is the Cycle of Baal. The cycle, in short, is the story of the reoccurring human drama of finding God and losing him, only to return at the lowest point and be redeemed by our ever faithful Creator in fulfillment of His covenant. So, in the beginning when God promised the people of Israel land and prosperity for the generations to come, there was a cohesive sense of duty to ones community. Even when people prospered, scripture and law commanded them that they must not keep to themselves, but reach out to the anawim or the poor. Through this divine request the people could be given knowledge of Gods purpose for his creation. Creation itself, the animals, plants, etc, is not ours to own, but ours to keep. Keep in every sense of the word meaning to honor and protect. With this comes great responsibility and duty. If part of His creation or His gift to us starts to suffer, then the whole shall be held responsible until it is made right again. We are all in it together, which if this was taken more seriously, more people today would be well and prospering. Unfortunately, there are many who do not carry this sentiment because their own needs and wants have overwhelmed their lives and feed their self-drive n actions. This is pivotal, because when we shed ourselves from our stewardship, we claim to be owners of our made-up purposes and slowly begin to forget the poor or suffering parts of a shar...

Dendrochronology - Tree Ring Records of Climate Change

Dendrochronology - Tree Ring Records of Climate Change Dendrochronology is the formal term for tree-ring dating, the science that uses the growth rings of trees as a detailed record of climatic change in a region, as well as a way to approximate the date of construction for wooden objects of many types. Key Takeaways: Dendrochronology Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating, is the study of growth rings in deciduous trees to identify absolute dates of wooden objects.  Tree rings are created by the tree as it grows in girth, and the width of a given tree ring is dependent on climate, so a stand of trees will all have a near-identical pattern of tree rings.The method was invented in the 1920s by astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass and archaeologist Clark Wissler.  Recent applications include tracking climate change, identifying pending slope collapses, finding American trees in World War I trench construction, and using chemical signatures in tropical trees to identify past temperature and precipitation.  Tree ring dating is also used to calibrate radiocarbon dates. As archaeological dating techniques go, dendrochronology is extremely precise: if the growth rings in a wooden object are preserved and can be tied into an existing chronology, researchers can determine the precise calendar year- and often season- the tree was cut down to make it. Because of that precision, dendrochronology is used to calibrate ​radiocarbon dating, by giving science a measure of the atmospheric conditions which are known to cause radiocarbon dates to vary. Radiocarbon dates which have been calibrated by comparison to dendrochronological records are designated by abbreviations such as cal BP, or calibrated years before the present. What are Tree Rings? Cross section of a tree illustrating the cambium layer. Lukaves / iStock / Getty Images Tree-ring dating works because a tree grows larger- not just height but gains girth- in measurable rings each year in its lifetime. The rings are the cambium layer, a ring of cells that lies between the wood and bark and from which new bark and wood cells originate; each year a new cambium is created leaving the previous one in place. How large the cambiums cells grow in each year, measured as the width of each ring, depends on temperature and moisture- how warm or cool, dry or wet each years seasons were. Environmental inputs into the cambium are primarily regional climatic variations, changes in temperature, aridity, and soil chemistry, which together are encoded as variations in the width of a particular ring, in the wood density or structure, and/or in the chemical composition of the cell walls. At its most basic, during dry years the cambiums cells are smaller and thus the layer is thinner than during wet years. Tree Species Matters Not all trees can be measured or used without additional analytical techniques: not all trees have cambiums that are created annually. In tropical regions, for example, annual growth rings are not systematically formed, or growth rings are not tied to years, or there are no rings at all. Evergreen cambiums are commonly irregular and not formed annually. Trees in arctic, sub-arctic and alpine regions respond differently depending on how old the tree is- older trees have reduced water efficiency which results in a reduced response to temperature changes. Invention of Dendrochronology Tree-ring dating was one of the first absolute dating methods developed for archaeology, and it was invented by astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass and archaeologist Clark Wissler in the first decades of the 20th century. Douglass was mostly interested in the history of climatic variations exhibited in tree rings; it was Wissler who suggested using the technique to identify when adobe pueblos of the American southwest were built, and their joint work culminated in research at the Ancestral Pueblo town of Showlow, near the modern town of Showlow, Arizona, in 1929. The Beam Expeditions Archaeologist Neil M. Judd is credited with convincing the National Geographic Society to establish the First Beam Expedition, in which log sections from occupied pueblos, mission churches and prehistoric ruins from the American southwest were collected and recorded alongside those from living ponderosa pine trees. The ring widths were matched and cross-dated, and by the 1920s, chronologies were built back nearly 600 years. The first ruin tied to a specific calendar date was Kawaikuh in the Jeddito area, built in the 15th century; charcoal from Kawaikuh was the first charcoal used in (the later) radiocarbon studies. In 1929, Showlow was being excavated by Lyndon L. Hargrave and Emil W. Haury, and dendrochronology conducted on Showlow eventuated the first single chronology for the southwest, extending over a period of over 1,200 years. The Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research was established by Douglass at the University of Arizona in 1937, and it is still conducting research today. Building a Sequence Over the past hundred years or so, tree ring sequences have been built for various species all over the world, with such long date strings as a 12,460-year sequence in central Europe completed on oak trees by the Hohenheim Laboratory, and an 8,700 year-long bristlecone pine sequence in California. Building a chronology of climate change in a region today was first simply a matter of matching overlapping tree ring patterns in older and older trees; but such efforts are no longer based solely on tree-ring widths. Features such as wood density, the elemental composition (called dendrochemistry) of its makeup, the anatomical features of the wood, and stable isotopes captured within its cells have been used in conjunction with traditional tree ring width analysis to study air pollution effects, the uptake of ozone, and changes in soil acidity over time. Medieval Là ¼beck In 2007, German wood scientist Dieter Eckstein described wooden artifacts and building rafters within the Medieval town of Là ¼beck, Germany, an excellent example of the myriad ways the technique can be used. Là ¼becks medieval history includes several events that are pertinent to the study of tree rings and forests, including laws passed in the late 12th and early 13th century establishing some basic sustainability rules, two devastating fires in 1251 and 1276, and a population crash between about 1340 and 1430 resulting from the Black Death. Construction booms at Là ¼beck are marked by the extensive use of younger trees, which signal demand outpacing the ability of the forests to recover; busts, such as after the Black Death decimated the population, are denoted by a long period of no construction at all, followed by the use of very old trees.In some of the wealthier houses, the rafters used during construction were cut down at different times, some spanning more than a year; most other houses have rafters cut down at the same time. Eckstein suggests that is because wood for the wealthier house was obtained at a timber market, where the trees would have been cut and stored until they could be sold; while less well-off house constructions were built just-in-time.Evidence of long-distance timber trade is seen in wood imported for pieces of art such as the Triumphal Cross and Screen at the St. Jacobi Cathedral. That was identified as having been constructed out of wood that had been specifically shipped in from 200-300-yea r-old trees from the Polish-Baltic forests, probably along established trade routes from Gdansk, Riga, or Konigsberg harbors. Tropical and Subtropical Environments Cludia Fontana and colleagues (2018) documented advances in filling a major gap in dendrochronological research in tropical and subtropical regions, because trees in those climates have either complex ring patterns or no visible tree rings at all.  That is an issue because because since global climate change is in progress, we need to understand the physical, chemical and biological processes that effeect terrestrial carbon levels is increasingly important. The tropic and subtropic regions of the world, such as the Brazilian Atlantic Forest of South America, store about 54% of the total biomass of the planet. The best results for standard dendrochronological research are with the evergreen Araucaria angustifolia (Paran pine, Brazilian pine or candelabra tree), with a sequence established in the rainforest between 1790–2009 CE); preliminary studies (Nakai et al. 2018) have shown that there are chemical signals which trace precipitation and temperature changes, which may be le veraged for gaining more information.    The elliptical rings on this tree from Turkey show that the tree grew tilted on a slope for several years, the part facing the upslope identified by the narrowness of the ring in the right hand side of the image. Mehmet Gà ¶khan Bayhan / iStock / Getty Images A 2019 study (Wistuba and colleagues) found that tree rings can also warn of impending slope collapses. It turns out that trees that are tilted by landsliding record eccentric elliptical tree rings. The downslope parts of the rings grow wider than the upslope ones, and in studies carried out in Poland, Malgorzata Wistuba and colleagues found that those tilts are in evidence between three and fifteen years prior to catastrophic collapse. Other Applications It had long been known that three 9th century Viking period boat-grave mounds near Oslo, Norway (Gokstad, Oseberg, and Tune) had been broken into at some point in antiquity. The interlopers defaced the ships, damaged the grave goods and pulled out and dispersed the bones of the deceased. Fortunately for us, the looters left behind the tools they used to break into the mounds, wooden spades and stretchers (small handled platforms used to carry objects out of the tombs), which were analyzed using dendrochronology. Tying tree ring fragments in the tools to established chronologies, Bill and Daly (2012) discovered that all three of the mounds were opened and the grave goods damaged during the 10th century, likely as part of Harald Bluetooths campaign to convert Scandinavians to Christianity. Wang and Zhao used dendrochronology to look at the dates of one of the Silk Road routes used during the Qin-Han period called the Qinghai Route. To resolve conflicting evidence over when the route was abandoned, Wang and Zhao looked at wood remains from tombs along the route. Some historical sources had reported the Qinghai route was abandoned by the 6th century AD: dendrochronological analysis of 14 tombs along the route identified a continuing use through the late 8th century. A study by Kristof Haneca and colleagues (2018) described evidence for the importation of American timber to construct and maintain the 440 mi (700 km) long defensive line of World War I trenches along the western front. Selected Sources Bill, Jan, and Aoife Daly. The Plundering of the Ship Graves from Oseberg and Gokstad: An Example of Power Politics? Antiquity 86.333 (2012): 808–24. Print.Fontana, Cludia, et al. Dendrochronology and Climate in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Which Species, Where and How. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 13.4 (2018). Print.Haneca, Kristof, Sjoerd van Daalen, and Hans Beeckman. Timber for the Trenches: A New Perspective on Archaeological Wood from First World War Trenches in Flanders Fields. Antiquity 92.366 (2018): 1619–39. Print.Manning, Katie, et al. The Chronology of Culture: A Comparative Assessment of European Neolithic Dating Approaches. Antiquity 88.342 (2014): 1065–80. Print.Nakai, Wataru, et al. Sample Preparation of Ring-Less Tropical Trees for ÃŽ ´18O Measurement in Isotope Dendrochronology. Tropics 27.2 (2018): 49–58. Print.Turkon, Paula, et al. Applications of Dendrochronology in Northwestern Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 29.1 (2018): 1 02–21. Print.Wang, Shuzhi, and Xiuhai Zhao. Re-Evaluating the Silk Roads Qinghai Route Using Dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia 31.1 (2013): 34–40. Print.

Terry V.Ohio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Terry V.Ohio - Assignment Example constitution, every individual is entitled to privacy concerning their personal property and other effects. In the contrary, the Exclusionary Rule suppresses evidence in instances where proper protocol was ignored. Furthering that, in absence of a search warrant only emergency situations and plain sight can permit unreasonable search. I will detail my explanation on the application of criminal investigations and the justice system. The most fundamental role of the American justice system with its complicated process and procedures is to peace maintenance through dispute resolution. This is possible in the federal state through application of the law through specific persons or institutions. The state and federal constitution forms the supreme source of the applicable law with reference to the statutes and administrative regulations as other sources. In the constitution, the structure of the government, the definition and limitations of power in the protection of citizens from unlawful acts are outlined. The terry V. Ohio case decided in the United States Supreme Court set precedent on stop and frisk aspect. After this the next proof level was called the probable cause.This is where there is good reason or probability of linking an individual to a committed crime or involvement in a committed crime. Probable cause has seemed to be more significant in criminal cases because this is where individuals are searched and arrested depriving them of their liberty. Nevertheless, in civil cases the suspect’s property can be seized without denying them their liberty freedom. This argues the reason why the law enforcement agent or police officers need to have a probable cause when carrying out a search or undertaking an arrest. No absolute certainty is needed for an officer to make an arrest or search but a probable cause of suspicion. From practical experience the police officer, upon sensing a weapon may search the car suspected to

Artificial Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Artificial Intelligence - Essay Example Alan Turing, then, modified the ‘imitation game’ and put a man or woman, and a computer in another separate room. The judge’s job was to decide who is a man or machine among the two contestants. Based on the second version of the experiment, Turing argued that if the ‘judge’ can pick a computer or a human using his mind, then, the computer is a simulation of a human and hence it is intelligent. The Turing has been modified further in that the imitation game has changed where there is a single contestant, a human or a computer. The judge’s job in this test is to decide whether the single contestant is a human or a machine (Moor 143).  Alan Turing proposes that the definition of intelligence can be passed to machines (computers) in that he believes that computers can be programmed to act like humans. He advocates for the question and answer method because it includes the human behaviour of talking by responding to queries. In his 1951 paper, Tu ring writes that â€Å"in fifty years’ time, computers can be programmed to play the imitation game such that any average interrogator (judge) will have less than 70% chance of identifying the correct contestant after asking questions for five minutes.† The Turing test supports the fact that if a human being is replaced by a computer and the game’s results remain unaffected, then, the machine would be equally intelligent as a human and capable of thought (Moor 144).  Turing supports his arguments by stating that machines are capable of thought if only they cannot be distinguished.

Motif of Blood in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Motif of Blood in Macbeth Shakespeare In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the motif of blood plays an important factor in the framework of the theme.   A motif is a methodical approach to uncover the true meaning of the play.   Macbeth, the main character in the play, thinks he can unjustly advance to the title of king without any variation of his honest self.   The blood on Macbeth’s hands illustrates the guilt he must carry after plotting against King Duncan and yearning for his crown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare used the image of blood to portray the central idea of Macbeth, King Duncan’s murder.   The crime is foreshadowed in the second scene of the first act.   The king shouts, â€Å" What bloody man is that?† (I,ii,1)   He is referring to a soldier coming in from battle.   The soldier then explains to King Duncan of Macbeth’s heroics in battle.   One assumes that Macbeth is bloody just like the soldier.   The soldier describes Macbeth in action â€Å"Disdaining Fortune, with his brandished steel, / Which smoked with bloody execution.† (I,ii,17-18)   This line connects Macbeth with killing, and hints at the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The evil deed of murdering the king becomes too much of a burden on the Macbeths.   The blood represents their crime, and they can not escape the sin of their actions.   Macbeth realizes that in time he would get what he deserves.   Since he can not ride himself of his guilt by washing the blood away, his fate may have been sealed.   They   try to use water for vindication, but Macbeth says that all the water in the ocean could not cleanse his hands.   He imagines the blood from the murder staining the ocean red.   Lady   Macbeth differs from her husband in this aspect.   She believes her conscience would be cleansed at the time her hands are physically cleaned.   She tells her husband to have the same beliefs as she or he would be driven to insanity.   Ironically, Lady Macbeth is the one that is driven to the brink of lunacy as she commits suicide at the end of the tragedy.     The image and scent of blood symbolizes the unending guilt of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.   The blood on their hands represents the inability to annul the murder from their memories.   While sleepwalking, Lady Macbeth was aggravated with own hands.   She was seen muttering, â€Å"Out damned spot! Out, I say!† (V,I,39)   This proves that her evil deed in still on her conscience.

Eth 125 Define Race and Ethnicity Essay

It is hard to define the term race as in reference to human beings. It is often described as a subclass of a species. It is often said that different races cannot interbreed with other races within that species. This would make one believe that we do not have different races within the human species but yet every harassment and discrimination class or training I have ever had it clearly states that we are not to discriminate against different races. People often use this term to describe a person’s differences. I believe that we have been using this term incorrectly. There is only one race and that is the human race. Ethnicity is an easier term to define. I believe ethnicity is a combination of culture and genetics. It is how we should describe the differences in each other. I believe that these concepts are important to the United States society because it has always been this way. People do not like change and changing the way we classify a certain group of people is a huge step towards change. I believe this all started as a way to oppress people; a way to make one set of people feel more powerful then another. For example, when African-Americans came here, the white people asserted dominance on them based off of the color of their skin. The white man truly believed that they were better. The sad reality is that there are still some people today who feel this to be true.

Should College Athletes Be Paid - 971 Words

Should? Or Should Not? In college sports today there is an occurring issue on whether or not college athletes should be paid to play. This issue has been disputed since the NCAA was established in 1906. These athletes have made money for everybody involved with these schools, but they themselves have made nothing. The main reason these players have not acquired pay is because of the NCAA and their rules and regulations. College athletes should get paid because they are the main source of revenue for colleges. Also they should be paid, because some might be poor or have been injured and they need money to help their lives stay on track. Things may be said like why should students to get paid to get an education. This is not why these athletes should get paid though. They should get paid because the university is making money on their likeness. For most people it makes since that college players do not get paid because they are already on scholarship. But what about the players that ar e injured, the colleges usually take away their scholarship and players are left with nothing. There are many factors that weigh on this idea but through my views I see no reason why they should not get paid. The issue the NCAA has with players being played to play is numerous but also inadequate. The NCAA created a word to use so that when an opposing group tries to attack them they can strike them down with no worries. The word is, â€Å"student-athlete,† they have devised this term so that if anShow MoreRelatedShould College Athletes Be Paid?1578 Words   |  7 PagesAshay Mehta Nou Per 8 Should College Athletes Be Paid? One of the hottest debates in the sports industry is if college athletes should be paid. If you want to pay these athletes, how would the college determine the dollar amount that should be paid? Should the basketball team make more than the football team? Should the the soccer team be paid as well? Cheerleading? Chess team? Should everyone on the team get a salary? What if your college is good at football and your basketball team is awfulRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1398 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieve that college athletes at the highest performing schools are better treated than others. Although they do not get paid, they do receive some benefits for being athletes that other students would not get. One advantage for playing a sport is access to scholarships that some schools reserve for their athletes. Depending on the school and the athlete’s performance, money towards tuition is often given. Only some schools are willing to grant â€Å"full-ride† scholar ships for certain athletes. AccordingRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1289 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the years college sports have been about the love of the game, filled with adrenaline moments. However, the following question still remains: Should college athletes get paid to play sports in college? Seemingly, this debate has been endless, yet the questions have gone unanswered. The National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) plays a vital role in this debate. The NCAA is a billion dollar industry, but yet sees that the athlete should get paid for their hard work and dedicationRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1334 Words   |  6 Pagesrising to the surface is â€Å"Should college athletes be paid?†. This has become a burning question. The NCAA is a multibillion-dollar industry, that makes millions, if not billions, in revenue. Yet it’s still maintains the non-profit status meaning that the industry is not set on making a profit and none of the revenue that is made is distributed to its members, managers, or officers. While most players who play in college sports are under a scholarship, that pays for the college tuition, books, and housingRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1364 Words   |  6 PagesHave you paid attention to all of the news that has been surfacing about collegiate sports lately? It is a big topic now days in the world of sports on weather college athletes should be getting paid to play sports. College athletics have gained great popularity of the past few decades, and have brought schools lots of revenue. A lot of college athletes think they should be getting paid for their services they do for their school. College sports like basketball and football generate over six billionRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1130 Words   |  5 PagesWhat college athlete would not want to be paid to play the sport that he or she loves? The real question is, though, should college athletes be paid fo r their roles in a college’s athletics? They are many points to each side of this recent controversial topic, which is why this has been made into such a hot debate in the past couple of years. As of right now, these athletes are not getting paid, but many of them truly believe that they should. Others believe that they already are being paid throughRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?986 Words   |  4 PagesPaying the College Athlete The college athlete has steadily grown in popularity in the United States over the span of the past decades. Monetarily speaking, this increased publicity has been extremely beneficial for National Athletic Association (NCAA) and all the colleges involved in athletics which has sparked the dispute of whether or not the athlete should be paid for their hard work and dedication on the field and to their school or if the athletic scholarship is more than enough. College athletesRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1239 Words   |  5 PagesLindsey Simmerman Speech 102 T/Th 1:00-2:15 October 25, 2016 Should college athletes be paid to play? Specific Purpose: To persuade the class to agree with my stance on paying college athletes to play sports Thesis: College football is the hours players spend practicing and performing, the number of injuries the players face, and the persona these athletes must portray every day all the while watching their schools, coaches, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) get all the compensationRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Be Paid1254 Words   |  6 PagesSome college athletic departments are as wealthy as professional sports teams. The NCAA has an average annual revenue of $10.6 billion dollars. College athletes should be paid because of the amount of revenue that they bring to their college. Each individual college should pay its athletes based on how much revenue they bring to the college in which they attend. The colleges that win their Division title, their Conference title, or the National championship, give bonuses to the Head coach of thatRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Not Be Paid1558 Words   |  7 Pagesstudent-athletes participate in a variety of different s ports, and currently they do not receive paychecks for their performances. College athletics have attained an extensive popularity increase among Americans over the past few decades. This has resulted into increased revenues for the National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA] and the participating colleges, which has fuelled the debate of whether or not college athletes should collect an income. College athletes should not be paid to play

Essay about Hollywoods Take on the Civil War - 1911 Words

The film, Gone with the Wind became a cultural phenomenon after its release in 1939. The Civil War based film follows the storyline of Scarlett O’Hara. The lead heroine is dealt with the hardships of love as well as the destruction of her town. Set in the South, the movie stresses the community’s devotion to the confederacy. After its box office success, many historians believed that the film had a strong influence on America’s perception of the Civil War. That influence being a backing attitude towards the Lost Cause. The term Lost Cause refers to the white southerners admirable view towards the defeated confederacy. In Gone with the Wind, this idea was expressed in several scenes. For example, one of the leading characters, Rhett†¦show more content†¦They even dance with excitement as their master looks on. Critics argue that this is a distorted view on racial history. Since the standpoint of the film revolves around white southerners, the scene attemp ts to glamorize slavery. In another display of discrimination, a newly elected group of Black legislators begin session. While in debate, african americans are shown drinking whiskey, devouring chicken, and removing their shoes. The purpose of this scene was to show the inability of African Americans to govern a nation. In illustrating blacks as barbaric and ill-mannered, the movie exhibits why the elite whites need to stay in power. With a focus on the Lost Cause, Birth of a Nation put a favorable stance on the South’s ideologies. One of those ideologies being white superiority. When Birth of a Nation was released, the National Association of the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP) panned the film’s disregard of civil rights. As a result, the organization staged a massive protest at an opening of the film held in New York City. The NAACP urged whites to boycott the film. However, the idea of reserved seating and dressing people up as Klansman to advertise the film drew in millions. Even with daily rallies opposing the movie, Birth of a Nation grew to be the most successful picture in the silent movie era. Thus, the NAACP chose to instead pressure the director, D.W. Griffith, in cutting some of the more offensive scenes. One that included a group ofShow MoreRelatedHollywood Films And The Civil Rights Movement Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagesto the Civil Rights Movement and after it. Both the manner in which most black characters are portrayed in Hollywood films and ideas conveyed by the latter suggest that Hollywood’s approach to racism is ultimately negative. However, Hollywood films shot in more recent times and Hollywood’s attitude to non-white actors speak about the film studios’ hypocritical approach to racism, as Hollywood’s activities indirectly promote racist ideologies spreading in the US film industry. Hollywood’s hypocriticalRead MoreAmerica s Current Socio Political Events And Values Are Reflected Through The Film Industry s Portrayal Of Superheroes966 Words   |  4 Pagesfreedom and libertarianism and is pitted against Batman, who stands for the more modern take on justice, which is swift and with a touch of vigilantism3. Similar to the movie, it is very clear that there is currently a serious decision to be made that will end in an irreversible outcome on America’s horizon. It is no coincidence that the separation between the warring parties in the recent film, Captain America-Civil War will also conclude in an irreversible outcome. To conclude, the political and socialRead MoreSocial Commentary On Hollywood War Films1282 Words   |  6 PagesHIST2033-001 10 November 2015 Social Commentary in Hollywood War Films Hollywood film is a powerful twentieth century art form that has provided entertainment and social commentary since its creation. Film can be used to portray history on the silver screen. Directors can use their films to portray social commentary about current issues. A popular social issue throughout history is war. Directors can use their war films to promote pro-war or anti-war movements. Films have the ability to influence the publicRead MoreGettysburg, By Ronald F. Maxwell2459 Words   |  10 PagesGettysburg. The epic war film, Gettysburg, is directed by Ronald F. Maxwell in 1993, and is known for its accurate depiction of the clash between the armies of the Union and Confederacy in a small Pennsylvania town, during the Civil War in 1863. Gettysburg is based on the famous book The Killer Angels . Through close analysis and observation it is evident that Gettysburg, is portrayed as an objective re-enactment of the events that occurred in The Battle of Gettysburg during the Civi l War. Even though theRead MoreEssay Mccarthyism and Its Effects on America1593 Words   |  7 PagesMcCarthyism not only destroyed the lives and careers of many Americans but also the innocent image of the country. Senator Joe McCarthy from Wisconsin was the same as any man. But when he cried Communism the world seemed to listen.brbrFollowing the Cold War between Russia and the United States there came many hardships, such as unemployment and high inflation. These hardships produced a restless society. The society then looked for something or someone to blame (Fried, 39). They found someone to blameRead MoreAmerica s Current Political Events And Values899 Words   |  4 Pageslibertarianism pitted against Batman, who stands for the more modern take on justice; swift and with reflections of vigilantism2. Although similarities could be drawn between both parties and the superheroes in the film, it is very clear that there is currently a separation between those who support the repu blicans and those who support the democrats. Just like the separation between parties in the recent film Captain America civil war. Again, the themes and the current events in the United States haveRead MoreChild Soldiers in Sierra Leone1488 Words   |  6 Pagestopic of Child Soldiers presented a very interesting dilemma that several countries in Africa continue to face today. Sierra Leone, in particular, has struck an interest because of the many films and readings that try to depict this story of the civil war. In class, we have viewed two films representing the problems with child soldiers in Sierra Leone which include films titled Blood Diamond and Ezra. Both films represent opposite sides of the spectrum, as Blood Diamond shows the Western view of childRead MoreLena Mary Calhoun Horne : An Advocate For Civil Rights And The Abolition Of Segregation1065 Words   |  5 Pagesbecame an advocate for civil rights and the abolishment of segregation. Lena Mary Calhoun Horne was born to a middle-class family in Brooklyn, New York. Members of the Horne family were active members of the NAACP and the Urban League; many had attained a college degree, which remained rare for African-Americans in the early 20th century. Lena’s mother, Edna, was an actress with a black theater troupe; despite her mother’s career as a performer, and Lena’s ambitions to take the stage herself, herRead MoreEssay on War Film Genre1668 Words   |  7 PagesM Avodian September 20, 2012 War from the Beginning War films have been around for quite some time. They have many different aspects to them. Each film has a little bit different view, depending on what the director wants the audience to get out of the movie. Some target the importance of how horrific and heart breaking war was, while others were used to inspire their country to support their troops. There are films though that go straight to the point of war and show all of the intense combatRead MorePersuasive Speech : Film Production Tax Breaks Are Worth It873 Words   |  4 Pagesodd choice to film â€Å"Captain America: Civil War† in, but the industry has its reasons to do so. II. Credibility and Goodwill: As a native of Georgia and a â€Å"professional extra,† I have been able to witness for myself the benefit of production incentives and what they have done for our state. III. Topic: Production incentives are tax credits given to film producers by the state they film in, and are often the deciding factor of where the production of a film takes place. IV. Preview of Main Points:

Conditions that Led to the Great Depression - 1551 Words

Q2: There are multiple conditions that occurred in the US that aided in the economic downturn leading to the Great Depression. Prior to the stock market crash of 1929, a classical approach, advocated by Adam Smith, was how America felt its political and economic system functioned. Adam Smith’s classical approach is embedded in the concept of a laissez-faire economic market, which suggests that the US would thrive if left alone (lecture). This approach requires a noninterfering government and allows individuals to follow their own self-interest, which was supposed to keep economic order (Cochran Malone). Additionally, as discussed in lecture, this theory assumes that markets are inherently stable, self-adjusting and self-regulating, and†¦show more content†¦Whether or not a country uses a relative or an absolute poverty measure undoubtedly influences the understandings of poverty of its citizens. In terms of federal poverty measure there are two different versions; one is poverty thresholds and the other is poverty guidelines. Poverty thresholds are a version of the federal poverty measure, developed by Mollie Orshansky in the 1960’s, which is the official measure of poverty that was based off of the cheapest food plan for a family (Schiller). In 1955, studies reflected that poor families spent about one-third of their income on food; so multiplying a low-cost food budget by three determined how much income a family needed (Schiller). Poverty thresholds are mainly used to calculate the number of poor Americans and other poverty population figures (lecture). Since then the threshold has only been adjusted for inflation and is an absolute threshold that considers a family poor if its pre-tax cash income falls below the poverty threshold (lecture). Since the food plan was only supposed to be used temporarily or for emergencies, it is clear it needs some updating. Poverty guidelines are used to determine program eligibility and are considered a simplified version of the poverty threshold (lecture). There are a few issues when it comes to measuring poverty in the USA. Schiller points out that our poverty measures excludeShow MoreRelatedGreat Depression Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesthe victorious moments to the days of misery and hardship. A prominent decade of true misery and hardship recalled by Canadians is the Great Depression. The Great Depression of the 1930s was a time of severe poverty, unemployment and unjust treatment experienced like never before by Canada. The Great Depression was unforeseen, yet inevitable. The Great Depression led many families to undertake drastic measures. This spark ignited a flame of downwards spiralling, leading the worst to be brought outRead MoreThe Great Depression in Cinderella Man Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Depression is seen as one of the most sorrowful and desolate times in the history of the United States. This time was the longest period of recession ever seen by this nation so far. It lasted from 1929 to 1939, over t en years of complete confusion and despondency within the people. Many Americans were affected greatly by this tragic time and sacrificed much of their lives so that they and their families may have the chance to live. This act of desperation can be seen throughout the movieRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1292 Words   |  6 Pageshome state of Oklahoma and journeys with his family to California for work during the Great Depression (Steinbeck). However, although fictional, the story hit too close to home for many Americans at the time. Some argued that the book was propaganda and exaggerated the conditions of the working class, and copies were burned in protest (â€Å"Banned Book Awareness†). In reality, Steinbeck s description of the conditions workers deal with was an understatement, and he speaks out against banks that evictRead MoreFascism : An Authoritarian And Nationalistic Right Wing System Of Government And Social Organization1581 Words   |  7 Pages century and together contributed to the emergence of fascism with reference to Germany specifically. The analysis will explore the impact of WW1, a change in social structures with ideologies and beliefs, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. The continual crisis year after year in all aspects pushed German society to turn to fascism as a way off counteracting everything that had carried the state down. In Germany, nationalism included the racial and cultural purity as a removalRead MoreHow The Great Depression Affects The World Economy1215 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This paper will be discussing the Great Depression; it will analyze the causes and the events that led to this depression, focusing on the role of Keynesian economics during that time. This article will briefly compare the 1920 downturn with the great recession and discuss the possibility of another depression affecting the world economy. The Great Depression The Great Depression was described as the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the industrialized worldRead MoreThe Great Depression : Economic Growth And Prosperity1438 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican history, the Great Depression ranks second as the longest and most severe crisis ever experienced only dislodged from the first position by the Civil War. The Great Depression marked a period of economic downturn that resulted in severe declines in output, acute deflation, financial insecurity and severe unemployment rates. This was a sharp contrast from the early 1920’s when the country was experiencing a period of tremendous economic growth and prosperity. The Great Depression was brought aboutRead MoreAmerican History : The Great Depression1411 Words   |  6 Pagesthe lifestyles of American citizens, and everyday life. In particular, in the 1930s the Great Depression transpired as a result of the stock market crash which led to an immense widesprea d of unemployment of numerous Americans. Many primary sources contributed to the hardships people have faced. To gain an understanding on how the Great Depression happened, one has to imitate the history of the events that led to it. The Twenty-eighth president of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, was in officeRead MoreCauses of the French Revolution Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pagesresulting in great taxations. They had spent huge sums of money on the French and Indian War, and the king and nobility consumed much money to keep up with their lavish lifestyles. In addition, there was a severe economic depression at the time. In areas of agriculture, manufacturing, and trade, there were great downturns. Also, revolutionary ideas were instilled within the people during the Enlightenment. Together, the financial condition of the government, the economic depression, and the EnlightenmentRead MoreKeynesian Theory During The Great Depression949 Words   |  4 Pagesduring the Great Depression, there was a continuous rivalry between Keynesians and monetarists. The ongoing debate was about which mo del can most accurately and correctly explain economic instability and which theory provides the best suggestions on how to achieve constant and steady economic growth. There are fundamental differences in these two approaches, for example over the usefulness of government intervention through fiscal policies, monetary aggregates and money market conditions as a policyRead MoreThe Effect Of The Great Depression Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThere is much debate as to what caused the Great Depression. There was certainly the short-term trigger of the Stock Market Crash of 1929, but there are also long-term causes that manifested itself during the 1920’s. Whether it is the shift from coal to electricity that negatively affected those invested with the old technology, or a shift more to trucks and cars to transport goods instead of railroads, or perhaps that farmers were losing their farms because over over-investment during the late

Tsar Nicholas Ii Free Essays

Nicholas II abdicated the throne in 1917 up until then, the Russian Royal family had ruled for over three hundred years. Throughout this period, they faced many problems and uneasy predicaments, a lot of these centering on Nicholas II as Tsar. A combination of long and short-term problems led to the decline and eventual fall of the Romanov dynasty. We will write a custom essay sample on Tsar Nicholas Ii or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tsar Nicholas II ignored these issues, staying true to his coronation vow to uphold Autocracy, and therefore played a critical role in the plummet of the Empire. A flaw in Tsar Nicholas II Autocratic style of ruling was his conflicting personality. He was a family orientated man, and they often took priority over ruling and looking after his country especially his son, Alexei who suffered severely from Hemophilia which consumed most of him, and his wife, Tsarina Alexandra’s time caring for him. Another flaw in his personality was that he required absolute power and that all decisions were to be made by The Tsar himself. He was blind to the political and social realities of his expansive and diverse empire. These aspects were key components in Nicholas II role in the fall of The Romanov Dynasty. Due to Tsar Nicholas II failure to address economic and social grievances, Russia was in a state of unease, regularly holding strikes to express their grievances. One of their main concerns was the effect of industrialization. Even though Russia ranked fifth among the industrial nations of the world in terms of industrial productions, the conditions of the workers were bad. Their wages were low, their working hours were long and their living conditions were intolerable – crowded together in barrack with no healthy and sanitary facilities. As well as enduring poor living conditions at home, the conditions in the factories were not of higher quality. Due to the many years of oppression, the workers demanded change from the Tsar and became crucial elements in the downfall of the Empire. Many critical events occurred in 1905 including the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) caused by territorial disputes, due to this war, Russia suffered a series of humiliating defeats and a large number of casualties. In addition to this things on the home front weren’t too pleasant either, trade with ther countries slowed, food prices climbed, and many people were at the point of starvation. Russia was forced to surrender to Japan. Another turning event in 1905 was intentionally peaceful rally led by George Gapon in order to settle disputes, which turned into the massacre of over 100 workers and wounded over 300. In August of 1905 Nicholas II pledged to introduce basic civil liberties, which provided the State Duma with Legislative powe rs, however this did not last long as Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic rule, and so he issued â€Å"Fundamental Laws† denying the Duma Responsible Government. These incidents signaled the start of the 1905 revolution and thus, the fall of the Romanov Dynasty. On August 1st 1914 Germany declared war on Russia. On this announcement Russia swiftly advanced into Germany through East Prussia. Early military disasters such as the defeats at Masurian Lakes and Tannebugurg weakened the Russian Army considerably in these initial stages of War. These losses were large in military and money, putting great strain in its already crumbling system. In September 1915, Tsar Nicholas II assumed the foremost role in the military – The commander-in-chief, this was an ill-judged decision on Nicholas II part, as he had no military training whatsoever and his departure from St Petersburg leaving his wife, Tsarina Alexandra essentially in control of Russia. And increasingly unpopular decision, on account of Alexandra being of German heritage, and as a result of the war, the Russian people detested everything German, and believed Alexandra was a spy for Germany. The Russian people also resented the influence Gregory Rasputin had over Alexandra, The people viewed him as immoral and he brought huge disrepute on the Romanov family. The impacts of The War placed an unbearable on Russia’s weak government and economy, the improper handling of these affairs turned the people against the Tsar and the growth of political opposition to the Tsar – a direct link in the downfall of the empire. The effects of World War One on Russia were profound. Russia’s once remarkable financial stability was demolished by the War, the disruption of their transport system, the shortage in food supplies and the rapidly rising price in supplies created a foundation for a revolution, and also, a considerable loss in confidence of the Tsar. On the 23rd February, International Women’s Day, the women of Petrograd led a riot through the workers districts. They were fed up with waiting for bread, often waiting outside bakeries overnight to be first in line. This chaotic riot turned into a revolution when chief of the military district, General Khabalov when he ordered his troops to fire on the unarmed crowds â€Å"The chief of the military district, General Khabalov, could not cope with the situation. † The turning point of this situation was after the General issued his orders, his army refused to fire upon the thousands of protestors. Nicholas the II knew he had no choice but to abdicate the throne – and he did. On the 15th March 1917 Tsar Nicholas II abdicated his throne. In conclusion, the decline and fall of the Romanov Dynasty was a culmination of numerous events, flaws and disputed opinions, Tsar Nicholas II being the focal point in the vast majority of these problems. Nicholas Romanov was the last Tsar of Russia, his inability to attend to his country’s need and fully carryout his obligations, lead to political and unrest and the growth of revolutionary ideas resulting in the fall of the Romanov family. How to cite Tsar Nicholas Ii, Papers

Introduction to Insurance for Immeasurable - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theIntroduction to Insurance for Uncertain and Immeasurable. Answer: A risk that imitates to the regulatory norms and disclaimers cited under the insurance policy in such a manner that the conditional aspects of insurance are fully satisfied is known as insurable risk (Weimer Vining, 2017). A risk is not said to be insurable in case if it is very large, uncertain, immeasurable, or not definable. Transaction Existence of insurable risk Justification Rusting of an unprotected iron structure Yes It can be estimated by considering standard aspects of that industry Genetic defect affects 9 to 10 new-born males in a family No No, because it is not definable Developing a cancer No No, because it is uncertain Eventual obsolescence of a personal computer Yes It can be measured as insurers provide general protection to assets of the business. Losing money at casino No No, because it is uncertain and it is not definable. The significant benefits that insurance provides to the society are as follows: Repayment of damages or losses Less burden on economy Investment opportunities Fewer concern and panic against future securities Insurance helps in providing security against jeopardy or uncertainty Major benefits of insurance to an individual: It allows the insurer to focus on work without the fear of failure It promote habits of savings on regular basis, subjected to life insurance Insurance policy can also be mortgaged and further finance can be raised anytime (Borch, Sandmo, Aase, 2014). Insurance policy, particularly plans for pension offer income security during retirement The insurer gets benefits from tax from the amount paid on premium Insurance of products might be sometime a compulsory requirement in certain circumstances A physical hazard is a factor in the environment that harms or damages the body without even touching (Blaikie and et al., 2014). Physical hazards are inclusive of but are not restricted to noise, radiation, electricity, heights and pressure amongst many others. At the time of inspection of fast food restaurant following eight examples of physical hazards will be considered to provide viable judgment: Risks of electricity Noise Temperature Dangerous physical tasks Risk on travelling Excavation Work Forklift Safety Risks on operations Overhead electric lines The reciprocal insurance exchange is a form issued by the entities of insurance in which individuals and firms replace insurance agreements (Baker Logue, 2017). Insurance policyholders of this contract extend risks related to these contracts among themselves. Further they are named as subscribers. The term "reciprocal" in this point out a conjoint correspondence or a return as in this associations agrees to share risk mutually amongst its members as they provide consent to pool risk by conceding a reciprocal arrangement of indemnity (Weimer Vining, 2017). Yes, this insurance policy is beneficial for business. Thus, my response is positive as it will provide flexibility to the policyholder by considering their needs and expectations. Further; this exchange will be owned as well as controlled by the member through which desired structuring of policies can be done. In addition to this; commitment regarding reciprocal exchanges will motivate for efficient operation and will keep expenses and fees as minimum as possible. References Weimer, D. L., Vining, A. R. (2017).Policy analysis: Concepts and practice. Taylor Francis. Borch, K. H., Sandmo, A., Aase, K. K. (2014).Economics of insurance(Vol. 29). Elsevier. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I. and Wisner, B., 2014.At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Routledge. Baker, T., Logue, K. D. (2017).Insurance law and policy: cases and materials. Wolters Kluwer Law Business.

Marketing Case Study of Apple Inc.

Introduction The brand image of a company is important in achieving higher sales because consumers readily purchase products which have a good reputation. Brand image is attached to the culture of the company and it is important for the stakeholders of a company to develop corporate cultures which are consistent with the national cultures.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing: Case Study of Apple Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Companies operating in the global markets have a big challenge to identify the cultures of different cultural groups so that they can achieve better market positions. The global markets have become turbulent and there has been a great need to establish brand cultures that are acceptable by many customers (Freeth, 2008). For example, the computer industry has been very competitive and this has forced the existing companies to adopt strategies which will improve their market posi tion. Apple is a company in this industry that has been able to develop differentiated products and has developed its brands to match the cultural needs of the consumers. This strategy has increased the sales volume of the company and Apple has been able to sustain the stiff competition in the market (Parsons Oja, 2009). Building brand culture A brand is the perception that consumers have about a particular product. To build a brand name requires filing consumers with experiences about the product. It takes time to develop a good brand image to the consumers. Brand is a psychological aspect that is reinforced by experiences about a particular product for a given period of time. Customers identify with brands which have a good history of performance in the market. Consumer loyalty is embedded on brands that they admire and they tend to re-buy such products because they have developed a good image about them (Parsons Maclaran, 2009). According to Parsons and Maclaran (2009), culture is a set of values, norms, beliefs, tastes and customs that people practice. Culture can be divided into small subcultures which become separated by invisible boundaries.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More National cultures represent the customs of a large group of people and there is need to identify subcultures in a nation so that each group is represented in the entire marketing process. Subcultures define the type of products that certain people consume. The national culture cannot be used to define the specific cultures of the people in a country. However, some countries have few subcultures and the application of national cultures becomes easier (Parsons Maclaran, 2009). There is a strong attachment between brand image and the cultural aspects of the consumers. Marketers need to address contradictions about certain brands that consumers have about brands being offered in the market. There are myths that consumers have about brands in the market and it is important that marketers identify these myths so that they can drive a positive image about the products being offered in the market. Changing myths about a product is a task that requires setting proper strategies which will lead to the adoption of the products by the consumers. Changing the myths about a product requires learning the cultural practices of the consumers so that they the marketers can change the perception the consumers have about the brands (Beverland, 2009). It is important for companies to have a clear idea about the brand requirements and the cultural attachments of the consumers. Consumers interpret brands in different ways and there is need to understand the cultural aspects of different consumers so that a company can capture the specific brand needs of the consumers they are dealing with. There is need to shift attention from producing brands with no cultural attachment t o the manufacture of brands which are cultural sensitive.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing: Case Study of Apple Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The brand culture of a product is developed from self concepts and performance identities. When a brand has a history of good performance, consumers tend to develop a culture that will lead to adoption of such products (Schroeder, Salzer-Mà ¶rling, 2006). Cultural icons are developed in the market and consumers compare the performance of other products with particular brands in the market. According to Parsons and Maclaran (2009), a cultural icon is something that is used as representative symbol such that consumers tend to admire such a thing. Brands which have a good history of performance are used as the reference brands and consumers will always compare the performance of other brands with such products (Beverland, 2009). Consumer collectives There are different consumer groups in the market and there is need for marketers to identify the specific groups of consumers so that they can develop products which match their needs. Identify consumer niche is an important aspect that marketers should do to improve their sales volume. A market niche is a group of consumers with specific needs and their needs are not fully satisfied. Consumers in a particular market niche have different cultural needs and there is need to develop better strategies of satisfying their needs. Identifying the brands which satisfy the needs of a consumer niche is important in developing better markets for a company. It is important for a company to identify the culture of a market niche they are targeting so that they can develop products which satisfy their needs to the maximum (Muniz O’Guinn, 2001). Consumers in a subculture have similar characteristics and they will behave in the same manner. As such, people in a particular subculture will have t he same demand for the commodities in the market.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, consumers in a subculture admire almost the same brands of products in the market. They have a shared consciousness for specific brands in the market (Muniz O’Guinn, 2001). Gender and consumer brand culture The role of gender differences has been identified in the advertising and promotional strategies of products. This has been applied in the development of consumer brand culture such that women have been associated with beauty products while men have been associated with products which show strength and power. Companies target specific groups of consumers when they are advertising because different gender groups have different tastes and they will prefer products which express the cultural attachment. Adverts are designed to attract the attention of potential consumers and they should be designed in a manner such that they capture the attention of the specific groups being targeted (Davis, 2009). As such, several stereotypes have been developed about different gen der groups and this requires marketers to attach the specific gender aspect in the adverts they make. For example, women who are considered to be wealthy and of high class are stereotyped to be complicated and stylish. As such, adverts focusing such group of consumers will be designed in a manner that they will imply that the products are stylish and that they fulfill the needs of the consumers (Grimm, 2008). According to Grimm (2008, para. 4) â€Å"women are supposed to be aware of the fact that they are constantly on display for others to critique. Women are supposed to put time and effort into the way they look† (Grimm 2008, para. 4). These stereotypes have been developed by people and are reflected in the consumer behavior. As such, women will be observed to be very sensitive about their looks more than men. The outward appearance is highly appreciated by women and products which create the best looks will have high demand for women. In the female world, beauty is a basic aspect that must be focused by the marketers especially when carrying out promotions and adverts. To be more categorical, city women have different tastes compared to women from the rural areas. Women from the rural areas are stereotyped to be more family oriented and they are said to have a greater sense of household products. Women from the city are stereotyped to be materialistic, independent, and money-oriented. Therefore, marketers should identify the specific group of customers to address depending on the type of products they are offering to the market (Grimm, 2008). There is an increasing gender appeal in the advertising of products and this requires marketers to identify the gender roles and cultural attachments of different products being offered in the market. However, adverts never fulfill the emotional needs of the consumers because people desire to have similar feelings as expressed in the adverts. For example, an advert about a person wearing an expensive jewel is cr eated to make an appeal to potential consumers about the need to feel great. This feeling may not be felt by the consumers who buy such products, thus adverts may sometimes create a false impression. It has been a consumer brand culture to attach the feelings expressed in adverts to the emotions of consumers when they are busying specific products (Grimm, 2008). Case study: Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is a company that specializes in the manufacture of computer software and computer hardware. In the recent past the company ventured the market for electronics and this strategy has led to the development of products such as the iPhone, iPod and other electronic products. Apple has dominated the music industry by developing music players. The company has been able to sell its products to the international community by adopting online retail marketing as well as establishing retail stores in different countries. Steve Jobs is the president of the company and he has been able to develop better strategies which have made the company successful in the global market. Despite stiff competition in the global market, Apple Inc has been able to overcome this competition by establishing differentiated products and matching the consumer demand to the products manufactured by the company. The culture of the company has been very favorable in developing innovative products which are readily acceptable in the global market. Steve Jobs established the culture of leadership and the use of new technologies to develop products which are innovative (O’Grady, 2008). The employees of the company are provided with an environment which is suitable for developing innovative products and this has been a major competitive strategy which has led to the development of better manufacturing and marketing processes. For example, in the recent past, Apple penetrated the music industry by introducing products which match the market demand. The company has sold many iTunes and iMovie products an d this was achieved after the management realized the high potential in music industry. Apple has been able to sell a lot of music products by the use of online and retail stores. The company has been able to develop effective marketing strategies which have captured a lot of consumers in the market (Ireland, Hoskisson Hitt, 2008). Building brand culture To build a brand culture, Apple has developed a strong research and marketing team that conducts research about the consumer culture and values. The company has penetrated the global markets and there has been a great challenge about learning and operating in a multicultural market environment. The company has been able to develop a strong brand name in the local and regional markets. Apple enjoys a high level of consumer loyalty because many people have been able to adopt the products of the company. Both individual and corporate consumers are targeted by the company and this has led to the adoption of the products of the company in many countries (Kahney, 2005). The brand culture of Apple products is based on innovation and this has been a major aspect that consumers attach to the products of the company. The management of the company has encouraged the employees to come up with innovative technologies so that they can differentiate the products offered in the global markets. Apple has been able to develop differentiated products and this has been a competitive strategy that has made the company overcome the stiff competition in the market. Competitors such as Microsoft, IBM, Dell Companies have been a major stabling block towards the success of Apple (McGrath, 2001). These companies have dominated the market for a long period even before Apple was established. Due to their long history in the computer market, they have been able to develop a strong market foundation such that other companies which enter the market find it challenging to win the demand of the customers. After establishing Apple Company, Ste ve Jobs and Steve Wozniak developed a culture of innovation such that other companies were unable to compete successfully in production of products similar to those of Apple. The company has experienced several challenges especially about consumer acceptance and cultural differences in the different markets in which the company operates. To overcome these challenges the management of the company has been able to come up with policies of capturing consumer loyalty for the brands offered in the market and in the recent market situation, Apple has the highest level of consumer loyalty. This aspect has improved the competitive position of the company and the management has established strategies to maintain (Ireland, Hoskisson Hitt, 2008). Knowing the national culture of a country is very important to the management of Apple Inc. because it helps develop marketing strategies which are suitable for specific markets. In most cases the national cultures represent the subcultures for the p roducts sold by the company. Therefore, the existence of subcultures does not affect to a great extent the sale of the products of Apple. The management identifies the national cultures of the countries they operate in so that they can decide how to approach such markets. Culture has impact on the sale of music and Apple has employed people from different backgrounds so that they can sell the products of the company according to the cultural practices of the consumers. The company has embarked on the strategy of employing the nationals of a country in which they operate. This strategy has helped reduce cultural conflicts that may arise due to cultural differences (Royer, 2005). The brands of Apple Inc. have become an icon in the market such that people have started identifying these products as a representative of other products in the market. Iconicity of Apple products is explained by the high consumer loyalty for such products in local and global markets. Apple has dominated the music industry and this has made the company improve its image. Apple has become an icon in the establishment of online music industry because the company has been able to sell a lot of its products through this system. Apple has established the myth of creativity and innovation in the computer industry. It is through its innovative strategies that the company has been able to create products with a high demand in the market (O’Grady, 2008). Consumer collectives Tiffany Co. is a company which provides a good example of brands with a specific consumer group. The company specializes in the manufacture of jewels and other beauty products. Most of the consumers of the products of the company are women. There is a general perception in the market that the products of the company are expensive and that they depict a certain class. Women have associated the brands of the company with class and as such people wearing products of the company are highly respected (Grimm, 2008). On the other hand, Apple has developed products for specific consumer groups in the market. Apple has been able to target almost all the consumer groups in the market by diversifying the range of products offered in the market. Product diversification and differentiation have been strategies which have been adopted by the company and this strategy has been successful in achieving more sales. The company has manufactured many products which are sold in different markets. The company does not only focus on the corporate customers but also individual consumers. This strategy has increased the sales because the company has been able to achieve consumer loyalty for most of its products (Kahney, 2005). The iPod and iMovie products have targeted the young generation and this has made the company to achieve great sales because this group of consumers has been very responsive to the products. On the other hand, the iPhone, MacBook and other new computer hardware products have focused on the educat ed people. Due to the increasing number of educated people in many countries, computer products have gained an increasing demand in the recent past. Apple has developed products which match the consumer demand for these products and the company has generated more sales from such products (Sherry Fischer, 2009). Gender and consumer brand culture Consumer brand culture has been expressed in the promotion of products for Apple Inc. apple has been able to identify the consumer needs and the company manufactures products which are appealing to different cultural groups as well as different age groups. It has been a stereotype that modern music targets the youths more than the old age. Apple has used these stereotypes to develop products such as iTunes, iPods, iPhones and iMovies which target the young generation (Hart-Davis, 2009). This strategy has attracted a large number of consumers and the company has become very competitive in the sale of music products in the global market. The c ompany sells music, movies and modern phones which target the young generation. A culture has been developed such that modern music is being sold over the internet. To capture more customers, Apple has introduced online retail stores where consumers can access most of the products through online channels. There have been minimal influences on the gender roles in purchasing products from the company (Ireland, Hoskisson Hitt, 2008). Apple has used different strategies of marketing its products to different gender groups in the market. Women have the purchasing behavior of associating with classy brands. This purchasing behavior has also been displayed in the sale of music products. Women prefer music products which represent a certain class while men have different purchasing behaviors depending on their background and life experiences. Conclusion Brands are developed to satisfy the needs of the consumers. Developing a strong brand image is a great challenge to many companies and req uires investing a lot of resources. There is a positive correlation between a brand image and the culture of the customers. To establish a strong brand image it is important for the management of a company to identify the cultural needs of the people. Apple is a company that has been successful in the implementation of modern technologies. The company has been able to establish competitive products by identifying consumer needs and fulfilling these needs by adopting modern technologies in the production of their products. Apple has penetrated into the music industry by identifying the cultural needs of the consumers in different countries. The management of the company should continue doing a lot of research about the products and their cultural attachment in various markets so that it can maintain its market position. Bibliography Beverland, M. (2009). Building Brand Authenticity: 7 Habits of Iconic Brands. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Davis, John A. (2009). Competitive succes s, how branding adds value. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons. Freeth, P. (2008). Nlp in business. Warwickshire, UK: Communications In Action. Grimm, K. (2008). Tiffany Co: Representation of women in advertising [Internet]. Version 5. Knol. Web. Hart-Davis, G. (2009). How to do everything IPod, IPhone ITunes, fifth edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Professional. Ireland, Duane R., Hoskisson, Robert E. and Hitt, Michael A. (2008). Understanding business strategy: Concepts and cases. United Kingdom, UK. Cengage Learning. Kahney, L. (2005). The cult of iPod. San Francisco, CA: No Starch Press. McGrath, Michael E. (2001). Product strategy for high technology companies: accelerating your business to web speed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Muniz, Albert M and O’Guinn Thomas C. (2001). Brand Community. Journal of Consumer Researc, 27(4): 412-432. O’Grady, Jason D. (2008). Apple Inc. Westport, CT: ABC-CLIO. Parsons, E. and Maclaran, P. (2009). Contemporary iss ues in marketing and consumer research. London: Elsevier. Parsons, Jamrich J. and Oja, D. (2009). New perspectives on computer concepts 2010, brief. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Royer, S. (2005). Strategic management and Online selling: creating competitive advantage with intangible Web goods. New York, NY: Routledge. Sherry, John F. Fischer, E. (2009). Explorations in consumer culture theory. Taylor Francis. New York, NY: Routledge. Schroeder, Jonathan E. and Salzer-Mà ¶rling, M. (2006). Brand culture. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. This report on Marketing: Case Study of Apple Inc. was written and submitted by user Madeleine U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.